Factores protectores en adolescentes con antecedentes de abuso sexual
revisión integrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59471/psicologia2026220Palabras clave:
abuso sexual infantil y adolescente, adolescencia, factores protectores, resiliencia cognitiva, trauma del desarrolloResumen
El abuso sexual en infancias y adolescencias [ASIA] constituye una experiencia potencialmente traumática asociada con trayectorias psicológicas, funcionales y neurocognitivas heterogéneas. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar, analizar e integrar factores protectores asociados a la resiliencia cognitiva en adolescentes con antecedentes de ASIA. Se realizó una revisión integrativa de literatura científica verificable, con búsqueda sistemática en fuentes académicas y conformación de un corpus documental final de 21 documentos publicados entre 2003 y 2026. El análisis se organizó en torno a factores individuales, cognitivos, vinculares, escolares, comunitarios e interventivos. Los resultados indican que la resiliencia cognitiva no depende de un factor aislado, sino de configuraciones protectoras multisistémicas. Entre los factores principales se identificaron autoeficacia, regulación emocional, afrontamiento activo, reducción de autoinculpación global, apoyo emocional de cuidadores y adultos significativos, validación del relato, continuidad educativa, contextos escolares protectores y acceso a intervenciones basadas en evidencia. Estos factores contribuyen a reducir la carga sintomática, sostener recursos atencionales y ejecutivos, favorecer el aprendizaje y promover trayectorias de recuperación. Se concluye que la resiliencia cognitiva en adolescentes con antecedentes de ASIA debe comprenderse como un proceso dinámico, contextual y no lineal, influido por la interacción entre desarrollo neurocognitivo, características del trauma, respuesta social, recursos subjetivos y entornos protectores.
Descargas
Referencias
Antunes, C., Camilo, C., Ferreira, C., Cunha, C., & Magalhães, E. (2026). A strengths-based approach to resilience in child sexual abuse: A meta-analysis. International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-026-00255-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-026-00255-5
Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2648 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2648
Buckle, S. K., Lancaster, S., Powell, M. B., & Higgins, D. J. (2005). The relationship between child sexual abuse and academic achievement in a sample of adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(9), 1031–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.013
Cyr, M., Toupin, J., Oxman-Martinez, J., & McDuff, P. (2003). Predictors of maternal support: The point of view of adolescent victims and their mothers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 12(1), 39–65. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v12n01_03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v12n01_03
Daigneault, I., Cyr, M., & Tourigny, M. (2007). Exploration of recovery trajectories in sexually abused adolescents. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 14(1–2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1300/J146v14n01_09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J146v14n01_09
Daigneault, I., Hébert, M., & Tourigny, M. (2006). Attributions and coping in sexually abused adolescents referred for group treatment. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15(3), 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v15n03_03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v15n03_03
Daigneault, I., Hébert, M., & Tourigny, M. (2007). Personal and interpersonal characteristics related to resilient developmental pathways of sexually abused adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16(2), 415–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2006.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2006.11.002
Daigneault, I., Tourigny, M., & Cyr, M. (2004). Description of trauma and resilience in sexually abused adolescents: An integrated assessment. Journal of Trauma Practice, 3(2), 23–47. https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v03n02_02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v03n02_02
Daigneault, I., Tourigny, M., & Hébert, M. (2006). Self-attributions of blame in sexually abused adolescents: A mediational model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(1), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20101
Domhardt, M., Münzer, A., Fegert, J. M., & Goldbeck, L. (2015). Resilience in survivors of child sexual abuse: A systematic review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(4), 476–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014557288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014557288
Edmond, T., Auslander, W., Elze, D., & Bowland, S. (2006). Signs of resilience in sexually abused adolescent girls in the foster care system. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v15n01_01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v15n01_01
Feiring, C., Taska, L. S., & Lewis, M. (1998). Social support and children’s and adolescents’ adaptation to sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(2), 240–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626098013002005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/088626098013002005
Freeman, J. B., & Beck, J. G. (2000). Cognitive interference for trauma cues in sexually abused adolescent girls with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(2), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP2902_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424jccp2902_10
Guerra, C., Farkas, C., & Moncada, L. (2018). Depression, anxiety and PTSD in sexually abused adolescents: Association with self-efficacy, coping and family support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.013
Haffejee, S., & Theron, L. (2017). Resilience processes in sexually abused adolescent girls: A scoping review of the literature. South African Journal of Science, 113(9/10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160318
Hébert, M., Lavoie, F., & Blais, M. (2014). Post traumatic stress disorder/PTSD in adolescent victims of sexual abuse: Resilience and social support as protection factors. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 19(3), 685–694. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014193.15972013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014193.15972013
Jouriles, E. N., Sitton, M. J., Chan, R., Reedy, M., Rosenfield, D., & McDonald, R. (2026). Caregiver emotional support and adolescent trauma symptoms after sexual abuse: Adolescent age matters. Child Abuse & Neglect, 171, Article 107801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107801
Koçtürk, N., & Bilginer, S. Ç. (2020). Adolescent sexual abuse victims’ levels of perceived social support and delayed disclosure. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, Article 105363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105363
Lee, A. H., & Brown, E. (2022). Examining the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on children and adolescents’ executive function. Child Abuse & Neglect, 126, Article 105516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105516
Malarbi, S., Abu-Rayya, H. M., Muscara, F., & Stargatt, R. (2017). Neuropsychological functioning of childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 72, 68–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.004
Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. Guilford Press.
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., ... Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pereda, N., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2011). Revisión sistemática de las consecuencias neurobiológicas del abuso sexual infantil. Gaceta Sanitaria, 25(3), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.12.004
Pessoa, A. S. G., Coimbra, R. M., Noltemeyer, A., & Bottrell, D. (2017). Resilience processes within the school context of adolescents with sexual violence history. Educação em Revista, 33, Article e157785. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-4698157785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-4698157785
Peters, M. D. J., Marnie, C., Tricco, A. C., Pollock, D., Munn, Z., Alexander, L., McInerney, P., Godfrey, C. M., & Khalil, H. (2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(10), 2119–2126. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167
Rosenthal, S., Feiring, C., & Taska, L. (2003). Emotional support and adjustment over a year’s time following sexual abuse discovery. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(6), 641–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00104-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00104-2
Spaccarelli, S. (1994). Stress, appraisal, and coping in child sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 116(2), 340–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.340
Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283
Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: Updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Martin Omar Zelaya (Autor/a)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
